European Foulbrood:
* Larvae die in a coiled, twisted, or irregular
   position in their cells. Cells are usually
   uncapped.
* Larvae color may change from light cream to
   grayish brown, darkening as the dead larvae
   dry up.
* Sour odor may be present.
* Dead larvae are not ropy as in American
Foulbrood.

Recommended treatment:
Treat with Tylosin or Terramycin. Terramycin is available in Terra-Patties® or Terra-Pro, treat in spring and fall. Additional information see pages 50-51.

American Foulbrood:
* Brood pattern is irregular rather than compact.
* Healthy larvae are glistening white color;
   diseased ones lose this appearance, and turn
   from light brown to dark brown and are
   upright, not twisted in cells.
* Larvae long dead develop the consistency of
   glue and are difficult for bees to remove
* Cappings become concave and some will be
   punctured by bees attempting to remove the
   dead brood.
* Surface of cappings will be moist or wet rather
   than dry.
* Some dead pupae, shrunken into scales, have
   their tongues protruding at right angle to their
   scale or straight up. This may be the only
   recognizable characteristic.

Recommended Treatment:
Treat with Tylosin or Terramycin. Terramycin is available in Terra-Patties® or Terra-Pro treat in spring and fall. Additional information see pages50-51.

Tracheal Mite:
* Very hard to detect without dissection. If
   you notice bees disappearing from your hive,
   you may want your State Inspector to test
   your bees for this mite.

Recommended Treatment:
Is best to treat this on a preventative measure by using Mite-a-Thol®. Alternative treatment is Formic Acid Pads.
Additional information see page 46 & 49.

Varroa Mites:
* Infested capped drone brood.
* Disfigured adult bees, deformed legs or
   wings.
* Bees discarding larvae and pupae.
* Pale or dark reddish brown spots on other
  wise white pupae.
* Visible on the outside of bee.
* Spotty brood pattern.

Recommended Treatment:
Treat with either CheckMite+TM or Apistan® strips. Follow your states label instructions.For additional treatments see pages 45-48.

Nosema Disease:
* Bees unable to fly or able to fly only short
distances.
* Bees seen trembling and quivering, colony
  restless.
* Feces on combs, bottom boards, and
  outside walls of hive.
* Bees seen crawling aimlessly on bottom
   board, near entrance, or on ground; some
   dragging along as if their legs are paralyzed.
* Wings positioned at various angles from
   body – not folded in normal position over
   abdomen.
* Abdomen distended (swollen).
* When bee is dissected, midgut is swollen,
   dull, grayish white color and circular
   constructions of gut are no longer evident;
   normal gut color is brownish red or
   yellowish with many circular constructions.

Recommended Treatment:
Treat with a mixture of Fumagilin®-B and sugar syrup in the spring and fall.
Additional information see page 49.

Wax Moths:
* Tunnels in combs.
* Silk trails, crisscrossing one another
   over combs.
* Small dark objects (excrement of wax
   moth larvae) in the silk trails in a hive.
* Silk cocoons attached to wooden parts.
* Destroyed comb, piles of debris on
   bottom board.
* A strong hive usually controls moths
   without assistance. Remove any
   unnecessary supers or brood boxes
   so they have less area to defend.

Recommended Treatment: Treat with
Para-Moth. Only use in stored supers.
Additional information see page 48 .

Chalkbrood:
* Mummified bodies of brood can often be seen in cells, on bottom boards, or at the hive entrance.
* Very rare.

Recommended Treatment: There is no
registered control agent for use against chalkbrood disease in Canada or the U.S. Although most reports indicate that chalkbrood does not cause serious economic losses, diseased colonies can have reduced populations and reduced honey production. Since adult bees can remove chalkbrood mummies, the disease often disappears as colonies increase in population and/or nectar flow commences.

Hive Beetle:
* White egg masses deposited by the
   adult female into crevices within the
   hive.
* Larvae tunnel through the combs,
   killing brood and ruining newly drawn
   comb.
* Cream-colored larvae feed on pollen
   and honey for 10-16 days before exiting
   the hive to pupate in the soil around the
   hive.
* Pupae are light tan to blueish tan in
   color.
* Winged adults emerge from the soil in
   2-3 weeks, re-enter the hive to feed and
   reproduce.
* Life span is up to 6 months.

Recommended Treatment:
Treat with one Checkmite+™ strip per hive ( in approved states only). Also treat with ground drench GardStar® to kill larvae that enter the soil.For additional
information see pages 47 & 50.